Identifying supply risks by mapping the cobalt supply chain
(چکیده مقاله) :
Abstract :
Cobalt is considered a critical raw material. Global cobalt demand is expected to quadruple in the next four
decades, due primarily to lithium-ion battery demand. Uniquely, this study provides detailed geographically explicit
data on the cobalt supply chain, with the aim of both determining how susceptible primary cobalt production
is to supply chain disruptions, and to evaluate possible supply risks. We conclude that the risks for supply chain
disruptions are high. Firstly, the cobalt market is highly concentrated, with more than half of the cobalt mined in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and almost half of the cobalt refined in China. Secondly, almost all cobalt is
mined as a by-product of copper and nickel. Finally, political stability in production countries is considered to be
medium to very weak. There are also several factors in play that reduce supply risks. The concentration of the
individual mines, refineries and companies remains under the threshold of a concentrated market, and the estimated
80 artisanal cobalt mines further diversify the mined supply. A network analysis shows the important
position of companies with high betweenness and degree centrality. A disruption at these companies can affect the
functioning of the overall supply chain. The geographic and a network visualization provide useful insights in the
supply risks. Based on the analysis, we recommend to diversify cobalt production, through the development of
mines, refineries, and efforts to ensure socially and environmentally sustainable artisanal mining
decades, due primarily to lithium-ion battery demand. Uniquely, this study provides detailed geographically explicit
data on the cobalt supply chain, with the aim of both determining how susceptible primary cobalt production
is to supply chain disruptions, and to evaluate possible supply risks. We conclude that the risks for supply chain
disruptions are high. Firstly, the cobalt market is highly concentrated, with more than half of the cobalt mined in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and almost half of the cobalt refined in China. Secondly, almost all cobalt is
mined as a by-product of copper and nickel. Finally, political stability in production countries is considered to be
medium to very weak. There are also several factors in play that reduce supply risks. The concentration of the
individual mines, refineries and companies remains under the threshold of a concentrated market, and the estimated
80 artisanal cobalt mines further diversify the mined supply. A network analysis shows the important
position of companies with high betweenness and degree centrality. A disruption at these companies can affect the
functioning of the overall supply chain. The geographic and a network visualization provide useful insights in the
supply risks. Based on the analysis, we recommend to diversify cobalt production, through the development of
mines, refineries, and efforts to ensure socially and environmentally sustainable artisanal mining
(توضیحات تکمیلی) :
(توضیحات تکمیلی) :
Description :
مقاله ISI انگلیسی اصلی
سال انتشار: 2020
فایل ISI انگلیسی اصلی ، با فرمت Pdf
تعداد صفحات فایل ISI انگلیسی اصلی: 11 صفحه
سال انتشار: 2020
فایل ISI انگلیسی اصلی ، با فرمت Pdf
تعداد صفحات فایل ISI انگلیسی اصلی: 11 صفحه
Authors / Descriptions(نویسندگان/توضیحات): مقاله ISI سال انتشار 2020 \ Susan van den Brink*, René Kleijn, Benjamin Sprecher, Arnold Tukker
Sent date(تاریخ ارسال) :
1398/11/25 | 2/14/2020
Number of visits(تعداد بازدید):
600
Key words (کلمات کلیدی):
Cobalt supply risk , Sustainable resource management , Metals criticality , Network analysis
Number of pages(تعداد صفحات) :
11
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